Which of the following are the four propeller factors?

The four propeller factors—slipstream swirl, P-factor, torque, and gyroscopic procession—are essential concepts in understanding how a propeller generates thrust and affects aircraft performance.

Slipstream swirl refers to the disturbance in airflow caused by the spinning propeller blades. As the blades rotate, they create a swirling motion in the airflow that can influence the control and stability of the aircraft, particularly during takeoff and at lower airspeeds.

P-factor, or asymmetric thrust, occurs because of the angle of attack differences between the ascending and descending blades of the rotating propeller. When the aircraft is at an angle of attack, the descending blade generates more thrust than the ascending blade, leading to a yawing moment that can cause the aircraft to turn. This effect is particularly pronounced during takeoff and climb.

Torque is the reaction induced by the propeller’s rotation. According to Newton’s third law, as the propeller turns in one direction, the aircraft experiences a tendency to rotate in the opposite direction. This can affect roll control and overall handling characteristics.

Gyroscopic procession is a phenomenon that occurs in rotating bodies. When a force is applied to a spinning propeller, the reaction is felt 90 degrees in the direction of rotation. This can